Engineering and Science

Standard methods and basic techniques for high-voltage testing applicable to all types
of apparatus for alternating voltages, direct voltages, lightning impulse voltages, switching
impulse voltages, and impulse currents are established in this standard. Sections that deal with
alternating voltage, direct voltage, and impulse testing are combined in this revision to organize
the technical content for ease of use. In addition, the concept of measurement uncertainty in
evaluation of high-voltage and high-current tests is introduced in this version.

Recommendations to protect against harmful effects in human beings exposed to elec- tromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz are provided in this standard. These recommendations are intended to apply in controlled environments and for general popula- tion exposure. These recommendations are not intended to apply to the exposure of patients by or under the direction of physicians and medical professionals.

Recommendations are given to prevent harmful effects in human beings exposed to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range of 0–3 kHZ. The recommendations are intended to apply to exposures of the general public, as well as to individuals in controlled environments. They are not intended to apply to the purposeful exposure of patients by or under the direction of practi- tioners of the healing arts and may not be protective with respect to the use of medical devices or implants. A rationale that describes how the recommendations were arrived at, and the factors taken into account in formulating them, is included.

Techniques and instrumentation for the measurement and computation of electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic (EM) fields in the near field of an EM field source are presented in this recommended practice. Descriptions of the concepts, techniques, and instruments that can be applied to the measurement of the electric and magnetic fields and the currents induced in the human body by these fields are provided. Techniques for determining the current density and the electric field strength within the human body are discussed. This recommended practice is intended primarily for use by engineers, biophysicists, and other specialists who are familiar with basic EM field theory and practice, and the potential hazards associated with EM fields. It will be most useful to bioeffects researchers, instrumentation developers and manufacturers, those developing calibration systems and standards, and persons involved in critical hazard
assessments or hazard surveys.

Elements of a radio frequency (RF) exposure safety program that provide reasonable and adequate guidance for preventing exposures in excess of recognized limits to electromagnetic fields from RF sources that operate in the frequency range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz are described in IEEE Std C95.7™-2014. The means for accomplishing this are classifying exposure locations into one of four categories based on the potential hazard, as defined by exposure limits, and specifying appropriate controls for each category. Such controls include engineering and administrative controls as well as the use of personal protective equipment, placement of appropriate RF safety signage, designation of restricted access areas, the use of personal RF monitors, and RF safety awareness training. These recommendations are not intended to apply to the purposeful exposure of patients by or under the direction of medical practitioners, but can be used in the development of safety programs for medical staff and other persons working with or incidentally exposed to RF fields, and for those wearing implanted or external medical electronic devices. Although designed to complement IEEE Std C95.1™, this recommended practice may also be used for the development of programs to ensure conformance with other guidelines, standards, or regulations for controlling human exposure to electromagnetic energy as well as IEEE Std C95.6™ in which case, appropriate modifications will be necessary to address the low frequency region addressed by IEEE Std C95.6™.

Recommendations to protect personnel in military environments against established adverse health effects associated with exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, induced and contact current, and contact and arcing voltages over the frequency range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz are provided in this standard. IEEE Std C95.1-2345(TM) was developed to replace NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2345 (Edition 3), Evaluation and Control of Personnel Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields3 kHz to 300 GHz, (13 February 2003).

Recommendations to protect personnel in military environments against established adverse health effects associated with exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, induced and contact current, and contact and arcing voltages over the frequency range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz are provided in this standard. IEEE Std C95.1-2345(TM) was developed to replace NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2345 (Edition 3), Evaluation and Control of Personnel Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields3 kHz to 300 GHz, (13 February 2003).

This standard covers test methods for ballistic defeat materials and solutions intended to provide protection against direct fire projectiles.

This standard specifies indoor ballistic test range requirements for small arms and fragmentation testing of the following ballistic-resistant items: soft body armor, hard armor plates, body armor accessories, shields, and helmets. The specification includes requirements for range geometry (for example, dimensions, alignment, spacing), range conditions (for example, temperature, humidity, lighting), test equipment (for example, receiver, mounting, test barrels, backing assembly mounting), instrumentation (for example, light screens, high speed cameras, radar), and measurement procedures (for example, projectile velocity, yaw).

As adopted by the 108th National Conference on Weights and Measures. NIST Handbook 44 includes specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices. These requirements are intended to encourage the design, installation, testing, and use of weighing and measuring devices that provide for accurate, repeatable measurements; facilitate clear and transparent transactions for buyer and seller; and do not facilitate fraud.

NFPA 70E requirements for safe work practices to protect personnel by reducing exposure to major electrical hazards. Originally developed at OSHA's request, NFPA 70E helps companies and employees avoid workplace injuries and fatalities due to shock, electrocution, arc flash, and arc blast, and assists in complying with OSHA 1910 Subpart S and OSHA 1926 Subpart K.